Eating Behaviors, Volume 5, Issue 01 (January 2004)
by: Peter M. Miller (Executive Editor)
en | Elsevier Ltd.
Eating Behaviors is an international peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing human research on the etiology, prevention, and treatment of obesity, binge eating, and eating disorders in adults and children. Studies related to the promotion of healthy eating patterns to treat or prevent medical conditions (e.g., hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cancer) are also acceptable. Two types of manuscripts are encouraged: (1) Descriptive studies establishing functional relationships between eating behaviors and social, cognitive, environmental, attitudinal, emotional or biochemical factors; (2) Clinical outcome research evaluating the efficacy of prevention or treatment protocols.
While theoretical orientations are diverse, the emphasis of the journal is primarily empirical. That is, sound experimental design combined with valid, reliable assessment and evaluation procedures are a requisite for acceptance. Uncontrolled clinical demonstrations and case studies are not accepted for publication. A limited number of reviews are published.
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Table of Contents:
Publisher’s Note E-Submissions to Eating Behaviors. Page iii
Editorial Board. Page CO2.
Gender differences in compensatory behaviors, weight and shape salience, and drive for thinness. Charles B. Anderson, Cynthia M. Bulik. Pages 1-11
Abstract
Gender differences in compensatory behaviors, weight and shape salience, and drive for thinness have rarely been examined in nonclinical samples. The present study examines gender differences in a sample of 1111 male and 1510 female twins responding to a questionnaire on eating attitudes and behaviors. Logistic regression using generalized estimating equations (GEE) tested the extent to which gender could be predicted from compensatory behaviors, weight and shape salience, and drive for thinness. The results indicated that use of compensatory behaviors predicted female gender for all except exercise and “other,” where no gender differences were found. Greater importance of weight and shape also predicted female gender, as did drive for thinness. Findings with respect to exercise use and “other” compensatory behaviors have nosological implications for the eating disorders, especially as regards eating disorders in males. These findings suggest that both the nature and function of compensatory behaviors may differ by gender.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Gender differences
3. Nosology
4. Method
4.1. Participants
4.2. Measures
4.3. Statistical analyses
5. Results
6. Discussion
6.1. Limitations
6.2. Future research
Acknowledgements
References
Prevalence of eating disorders in female and male adolescents (14–15 years). Einar Kjelsås, Christian Bjørnstrøm, K. Gunnar Götestam. Pages 13-25
Abstract
Objective
The main aim of the present study is to establish the prevalence of eating disorders (ED) in adolescents of both genders. To our knowledge, such data have not previously been published using both DSM-IV and DSM-III-R criteria.
Method
The study sample consisted of 1960 adolescents (1026 girls and 934 boys), 14–15 years of age. The participants completed the Survey for Eating Disorders (SEDs), including DSM-III-R and DSM-IV diagnoses for all subcategories of ED.
Results
Lifetime prevalence of any ED among girls was 17.9% anorexia nervosa (AN) 0.7%, bulimia nervosa (BN) 1.2%, binge eating disorder (BED) 1.5%, and EDs not otherwise specified (EDNOS) 14.6%. Corresponding numbers for boys for any ED is 6.5%, AN 0.2%, BN 0.4%, BED 0.9%, and EDNOS 5.0%.
Discussion
Our prevalence rates on AN, BN, and BED largely support previous school/community-based studies, while our figures on EDNOS were rather high. Generally, we found high numbers for boys with ED.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants and procedures
2.2. Measures
2.3. Classification of EDs
2.4. Body weight and height
2.5. Data analysis
3. Results
3.1. Lifetime and point prevalence for ED based on the SEDs
3.2. Classifications without the BMI≤17.5 criteria
3.3. Special calculations on menarche
3.4. AN classified without criterion D (amenorrhea)
3.5. Prevalence of age-related eating disordered behaviors
3.6. Body perception
4. Discussion
4.1. Interpretation of the results
4.2. Methodological concerns
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Selective processing of linguistic and pictorial food stimuli in females with anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Kjell Morten Stormark, Øivind Torkildsen. Pages 27-33
Abstract
Purpose
This study investigated subjects with eating disorders’ selective attention to linguistic and pictorial representations of food stimuli in a version of the Stroop color-naming task. If subjects with eating disorders’ attention really are biased by food stimuli, one would expect equally delayed color-naming latencies to food pictures as previous studies have found to food words.
Method
Twenty females with eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or a combination of both) and 24 female controls identified the color of Stroop versions of linguistic and pictorial representations of color, food, emotional, and neutral stimuli.
Results
The eating disorder group was slower than the controls in identifying the color of all words (including the food words) and the pictures depicting food stimuli (but not any of the other pictures). The eating disorder group was also slower in identifying the color of both food and emotional than neutral stimuli, both for the linguistic and pictorial stimuli.
Conclusion
These findings indicate that females with bulimia and anorexia nervosa’s biased attention to food stimuli are not restricted to linguistic representations. The delayed responses to the emotional words and pictures suggest that processing of negative emotional stimuli, in addition to dysfunctional concerns about stimuli related to food and eating, is important in the maintenance of eating disorders.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Apparatus
2.3. Stimuli
2.4. Procedure
2.5. Response definitions and statistical analyses
3. Results
3.1. Reaction times (RTs)
3.2. Response accuracy
4. Discussion
References
Bulimic symptoms and mood predict food relevant Stroop interference in women with troubled eating patterns. Dana L. Rofey, Kevin J. Corcoran, Giao Q. Tran. Pages 35-45
Abstract
Cognitive processing differences based on attentional biases of words pertaining to eating disorders were investigated to assess people’s pathological thoughts. Participants were 165 undergraduate women (mean AGE=19.2) at a large Midwestern university. This Stroop task that included color identification of three word groups (food-related words, neutral words, and color words) was administered to measure differential speed in cognitive processing of salient words in individuals with and without troubled eating patterns. As predicted by the moderator hypothesis, a statistically significant interaction effect between bulimic symptoms and negative mood was found on food-related reaction time. Post hoc analysis of the interaction showed that women endorsing more bulimic symptoms responded slower to food-related cues than women with fewer bulimic symptoms among individuals who reported negative mood. The study results indicate that women who have problematic eating patterns and experience negative mood are hyperattentive to food-related cues.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Instruments
2.3.1. The Bulimia Test—Revised
2.3.2. Positive and negative affect schedule
3. Results
3.1. Relationship between the BULIT-R and the number of food-related words remembered
3.2. Regression model for reaction time to food-related words
4. Discussion
4.1. Summary
4.2. Interpretation
4.3. Future research
References
Emotional activation of obese and normal women due to imagery and food content of verbal stimuli in a memory task. M. Fioravanti, C. M. Polzonetti, D. Nocca, G. Spera, S. Falcone, R. Lazzari, A. Colosimo. Pages 47-54
Abstract
The aim of this study is to look for correlation between a physiological variable (skin conductance, SCL) and cognitive variables (reaction time, RT and productivity score) obtained in a memory task. Subjects were 17 females, including 7 patients and 10 controls. Patients were recruited among women who went to a clinic for alimentary disorders because of obesity and volunteered for this study; controls were normal women of comparable age without any alimentary problem. Tonic variations of SCL were recorded by a computerized polygraph during the execution of the cognitive task, which consisted of a computerized presentation of frequent, everyday used words evenly divided according to an alimentary/nonalimentary content and to a high/low imagery quality. The acquisition session was followed by an immediate recognition session where subjects were asked to identify the previously presented words among an equal number of similar words not included in the acquisition list. The two session series (acquisition and recognition) were repeated three times to evaluate the learning curve and habituation. This same procedure was separately performed with high imagery alimentary/nonalimentary words and with another list of low imagery alimentary/nonalimentary words. During the recognition tasks, both RT and productivity scores were recorded. A correlation analysis between cognitive and physiological variables was carried out to explore how subjects with different attitudes to food react in cognitive and somatic terms when exposed to verbal stimuli concerning this topic and to neutral verbal stimuli. Results show that obese patients have a different emotional activation in front of these verbal stimuli where both the cognitive activity and the somatic responses are affected by their involvement with the verbal stimuli. On the contrary, the imagery effect does not seem to be influenced by the content and by the idiosyncratic reactions to it of the specific groups of subjects.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Experimental protocol
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Uncited references
References
The validity of subjective measures of body image disturbance. J. Scott Mizes, Michelle Heffner, James K. Madison, Paula Varnado-Sullivan. Pages 55-66
Abstract
Objective
We examined weight dissatisfaction (actual weight minus self-stated ideal weight) and weight goal (normative weight minus self-stated ideal weight) subjective indices in a large clinical sample to determine how the indices discriminate between diagnostic categories and relate to other measures of body image disturbance.
Method
Approximately 200 anorexic, bulimic, and eating disorder not otherwise specified (NOS) participants reported their self-stated ideal weight and completed the Mizes Anorectic Cognitions (MAC) Questionnaire, Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI), and Restraint Scale-Revised.
Results
Compared with bulimic and NOS participants, anorexics reported less weight dissatisfaction but had an ideal weight that is farthest from normative weight. The weight dissatisfaction measure correlates well with other measures of body image disturbance, and both measures show evidence of discriminant validity.
Discussion
These two measures highlight the substantial differences in the nature of body image disturbance between the eating disorder diagnostic groups. Theoretical, clinical, and practical implications are discussed.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
1.1. Perceptual distortion
1.2. Subjective measures
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
3. Results
3.1. Demographic data
3.2. Weight dissatisfaction
3.3. Weight goal
3.4. Weight dissatisfaction (BMI units) correlates
3.5. Weight goal (BMI units) correlates
4. Discussion
References
Hyperactivity in anorexia nervosa: A case study using experience sampling methodology. Kristof Vansteelandt, Guido Pieters, Walter Vandereycken, Laurence Claes, Michel Probst, Iven Van Mechelen. Pages 67-74
Abstract
Hyperactivity is frequently observed in eating disorders, and several biopsychological mechanisms have been proposed to explain its pathogenetic role. In view of the lack of a reliable method to study hyperactive behavior, we did an experiment with experience sampling methodology (ESM). During 1 week, an anorexia nervosa (AN) patient was asked at nine random times a day to report her momentary tendency to be physically active, her emotions and several other variables including calorie expenditure, drive for thinness, attractiveness, obsessions, compulsions, and attitudes towards hyperactivity. Results indicate that the patient’s tendency to be hyperactive was (a) positively related to her weight preoccupation and her negative emotions, and (b) negatively related to her positive emotions and the absence of depression. In this patient, obsessions and compulsions were not related to hyperactivity. The usefulness of ESM for studying the role of hyperactivity in AN is discussed.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participant
2.2. Materials
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
Fear of negative appearance evaluation: Development and evaluation of a new construct for risk factor work in the field of eating disorders. Jennifer D. Lundgren, Drew A. Anderson, Joel Kevin Thompson. Pages 75-84
Abstract
The psychometric properties and correlates of a measure designed to assess fear of negative appearance evaluation are presented. In Study 1, 165 college females completed the Fear of Negative Appearance Evaluation Scale [FNAES; Thomas, C.M., Keery, H., Williams, R., & Thompson, J. K. (1998, November). The Fear of Negative Appearance Evaluation Scale: Development and preliminary validation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Washington, DC] along with measures of body image, eating disturbance, and depression. Results replicated previous analyses indicating the presence of a single factor, good internal consistency, and significant association with measures of body image and eating disturbance. Additionally, the FNAES accounted for unique variance beyond that explained by general fear of negative evaluation, and other measures of body image and eating disturbance, in the prediction of body shape dysphoria, dietary restraint, and trait anxiety. Study 2 further examined the validity of the FNAES, finding it to correlate significantly with measures of social physique anxiety, body image, eating attitude, and mood. The FNAES did not significantly correlate with body mass index (BMI). Regression analyses found the FNAES to predict levels of body image, eating attitude, and mood beyond variance explained by social physique anxiety. The FNAES appears to measure a conceptually unique aspect of body image that has not been indexed by previous measures and may serve a useful role in risk factor and preventive work.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Study 1
2.1. Method
2.1.1. Participants
2.1.2. Measures
2.1.2.1. Fear of Negative Appearance Evaluation Scale
2.1.2.2. Body Shape Questionnaire
2.1.2.3. Body image assessment—obesity
2.1.2.4. Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire: Cognitive Restraint Scale
2.1.2.5. Restraint scale
2.1.2.6. Beck Depression Inventory II
2.1.2.7. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Form Y Anxiety Scale: Trait Anxiety Scale
2.1.2.8. Fear of Negative Evaluation
2.1.3. Procedure
2.2. Results
2.3. Discussion of Study 1
3. Study 2
3.1. Method
3.1.1. Participants
3.1.2. Measures
3.1.2.1. Multidimensional Body–Self Relations Questionnaire—Appearance Scales
3.1.2.2. Multi-Axial Eating Disorder Scale
3.1.2.3. Social Physique Anxiety Scale
3.1.2.4. Beck Depression Inventory II
3.1.2.5. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory
3.1.3. Procedure
3.2. Results
4. General discussion
Appendix A. Fear of Appearance Evaluation Scale
References
Weight loss and health-related quality of life: Results at 1-year follow-up. Kevin R. Fontaine, Ivan Barofsky, Susan J. Bartlett, Shawn C. Franckowiak, Ross E. Andersen. Pages 85-88
Abstract
To evaluate the 1-year results of treatment-induced weight loss on health-related quality of life (HRQL), 32 mildly to moderately overweight persons who participated in a 13-week weight loss program completed the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) at baseline, immediately after the program, and at 1-year follow-up. At 1 year, 65.6% of participants maintained at least some weight loss. The improvements on HRQL observed immediately after treatment on the physical functioning, role-physical, general health, vitality, and mental health scales of the SF-36 were maintained only on the general health and vitality scales at 1 year. There were no significant differences between weight maintainers and weight regainers on change from baseline to 1-year follow-up on HRQL. Our findings suggest that treatment-induced weight loss among mildly to moderately overweight persons improves HRQL and that at least some of these benefits are maintained at 1-year follow-up regardless of whether the weight loss is maintained.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Method
3. Results
4. Discussion
References
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