Eating Behaviors, Volume 5, Issue 03 (July 2004)
by: Peter M. Miller (Executive Editor)
en | Elsevier Ltd.
Eating Behaviors is an international peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing human research on the etiology, prevention, and treatment of obesity, binge eating, and eating disorders in adults and children. Studies related to the promotion of healthy eating patterns to treat or prevent medical conditions (e.g., hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cancer) are also acceptable. Two types of manuscripts are encouraged: (1) Descriptive studies establishing functional relationships between eating behaviors and social, cognitive, environmental, attitudinal, emotional or biochemical factors; (2) Clinical outcome research evaluating the efficacy of prevention or treatment protocols.
While theoretical orientations are diverse, the emphasis of the journal is primarily empirical. That is, sound experimental design combined with valid, reliable assessment and evaluation procedures are a requisite for acceptance. Uncontrolled clinical demonstrations and case studies are not accepted for publication. A limited number of reviews are published.
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Table of Contents:
Editorial Board. Page CO2.
Ethnic differences in preferences for female weight and waist-to-hip ratio: A comparison of African–American and White American college and community samples. Rachel E.K Freedman, Michele M Carter, Tracy Sbrocco, James J Gray. Pages 191-198
Abstract
This study examined both ethnic differences and differences between college and community samples in male preferences for ideal body size and shape in women. As expected, it was found that African–American men were more likely to choose heavier figures as ideal than White American men did. Contrary to expectations, there were no differences in chosen ideal weight between college and community subsamples. As expected, both ethnic groups chose figures with a low waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), but African–American men were more likely to choose a very low WHR as ideal. The findings replicate and extend research showing weight to be a more important cue than WHR in the mate-selection process and support the theory that African–American men’s preferences may serve as a protective factor against eating and body image pathology in African–American women.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Demographic questionnaire
2.2.2. Height and weight
2.2.3. Stimuli
2.2.4. Procedure
3. Results
3.1. Singh figures: Ideal and least favorite WHR
3.2. Singh figures: Ideal and least favorite weights
4. Discussion
References
What a difference a diet makes: Towards an understanding of differences between restrained dieters and restrained nondieters. Michael R Lowe, C.Alix Timko. Pages 199-208
Abstract
Restrained eaters who are and are not dieting to lose weight have shown opposite eating regulation patterns in past research. To better understand these differences, restraint theory and the Three-Factor Model of Dieting was used to generate differential predictions about the mean and variability of restrained dieters (RDs) and restrained nondieters (RNDs) on the eating inventory Cognitive Restraint (CR) scale and the Restraint Scale (RS). Unrestrained nondieters served as a reference group. Eighty normal-weight female college students completed the CR, RS, and a measure of weight cycling. RDs, relative to RNDs, obtained higher and more homogeneous scores on the Cognitive Restraint, and higher and more heterogeneous scores on the RS. A post hoc analysis found that RDs had a much greater weight cycling history than RNDs. These findings are most consistent with the Three-Factor Model of Dieting, but also point to needed revisions both in this model and in traditional restraint theory.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Materials
2.2.1. Demographic and dieting questionnaire
2.2.2. Revised RS (Herman & Polivy, 1980)
2.2.3. CR scale of the eating inventory (Stunkard & Messick, 1985)
2.3. Design and procedure
3. Results
4. Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
Similarities and differences between women and men on eating disorder risk factors and symptom measures. Laura M Boerner, Nichea S Spillane, Kristen G Anderson, Gregory T Smith. Pages 209-222
Abstract
Researchers studying eating disorders in men often use eating disorder risk and symptom measures that have been validated only on women. Using a sample of 215 college women and 214 college men, we report on the validity of doing so with a set of measures chosen to reflect a wide range of risk factors and symptoms. The Bulimia Test-revised (BULIT-R), the restraint scale (RS), the three-factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ), the Eating Expectancy Inventory, and the eating attitudes test (EAT) all had the same factor structures for both genders, and tests of invariance showed that factor loadings, factor variances, and intercorrelations among factors were equivalent across gender. A modified Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV anorexic symptoms questionnaire did not perform adequately for either gender. Men produced slightly less reliable scores on virtually all measures, with the result that Pearson-based estimates of correlations among the measures were slightly lower for men. Men had lower scores on symptom and risk measures, but not on other eating measures.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Bulimia Test-revised
2.2.2. Structured interview for the DSM-IV—research form
2.2.3. Eating expectancies inventory (EEI; Hohlstein et al., 1998)
2.2.4. The three-factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ; Stunkard & Messick, 1985)
2.2.5. The eating attitudes test (EAT; Garner & Garfinkel, 1979)
2.2.6. The restraint scale
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data analysis
2.4.1. Structural equation modeling
2.4.2. Data analytic plan
3. Results
3.1. Factor structures of risk and symptom measures as a function of gender
3.1.1. Bulimia Test-revised
3.1.2. Structured interview for the DSM-IV-research form
3.1.3. EEI factor structure
3.1.4. The three-factor eating questionnaire
3.1.5. The EAT
3.1.6. The restraint scale
3.2. Intercorrelations among risk and symptom measures
3.3. Internal consistency reliabilities and intercorrelations of measures
3.3.1. Mean differences on risk and symptom measures by gender
4. Discussion
References
An experimental analysis of the role of schema compensation in anorexia nervosa. Victoria Mountford, Glenn Waller, Derrick Watson, Peter Scragg. Pages 223-230
Abstract
It has been suggested that the relatively poor effectiveness of treatments for anorexia nervosa is due to a poor conceptualisation of the disorder. One hypothesis is that current models are mistakenly targeting superficial, instead of deeper level, cognitions and cognitive processes. A schema-based cognitive–behavioural model of eating disorder pathology suggests that the process of schema compensation is key to restrictive pathology—when there is the threat of experiencing negative affect, compensatory schemas are activated, reducing that affect. The current experimental study aimed to provide support for such a process. Eating-disordered and control women completed a computer-based task, measuring the compensation process in terms of speed and accuracy in response to subliminal threat cues. The results did not fully support the hypothesis, suggesting that the model and methodology need some amendment. Improvements to the methodology are discussed.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures and procedure
2.4. Experimental task
2.5. Data analysis
3. Results
3.1. Differences in search times
3.2. Differences in search accuracy
4. Discussion
References
Chewing and spitting in eating disorders and its relationship to binge eating. Angela S Guarda, Janelle W Coughlin, Molly Cummings, Angela Marinilli, Nancy Haug, Michael Boucher, Leslie J Heinberg. Pages 231-239
Abstract
Objective
This study examined (i) the frequency of chewing and spitting and (ii) its association with other pathological eating behaviors in eating-disordered inpatients. We hypothesized a positive association between chewing and spitting and binge eating given the phenomenological similarities between these disordered eating behaviors.
Method
Frequent chewers/spitters were compared with those who did not regularly engage in this behavior with regard to diagnosis, psychometric test results, and associated eating pathology.
Results
Chewing and spitting was not associated with elevated bingeing. Rather, frequent chewers/spitters exhibited higher levels of restrictive eating behaviors and the behavior was more prevalent in younger patients.
Discussion
Contrary to our predictions, chewing and spitting is more closely associated with restrictive than with binge behaviors. This suggests that most individuals chew and spit small portions of food. The behavior is frequent, occurs across diagnostic groups, and may be associated with greater psychopathology. Future studies should clarify the amount of food consumed during chew/spit episodes and the presence of a sense of loss of control.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
References
Energy and macronutrient intake in bulimia nervosa. Georg W Alpers, Brunna Tuschen-Caffier. Pages 241-249
Abstract
Energy deprivation and malnutrition are often thought to be key factors in the maintenance of bulimia nervosa (BN). Our review shows that it is unclear how much energy is actually available to BN patients’ metabolism because the contribution of food consumed during binge eating is generally neglected. Also, there is little evidence for another key hypothesis that binge-eating episodes are triggered by carbohydrate craving. This study examined energy consumption and macronutrient composition of meals and binge-eating episodes in food diaries. Forty female BN patients, 40 female panic disorder (PD) patients, and 40 healthy women recorded their food intake while in their natural environment during two consecutive days. We did not find the expected evidence for chronic energy deprivation and malnutrition in BN patients. Also, there was no evidence that carbohydrate craving drives binge eating. The implications for models of BN and for treatments targeting eating behavior are discussed.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.1.1. Sample characteristics
2.1.2. Questionnaire data
2.2. Data analysis
2.2.1. Assessment of eating behavior
2.2.2. Energy and macronutrients
2.2.3. Net energy intake
2.2.4. Statistical analyses
3. Results
3.1. Energy intake
3.1.1. Binge eating
3.1.2. Remaining energy, nonbinge meals, and total consumption
3.2. Macronutrient composition of meals
3.2.1. Nonbinge meals in BN patients versus control groups
3.2.2. Binge eating versus nonbinge meals in BN patients
4. Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
Dietary restraint and self-esteem as predictors of weight gain over an 8-year time period. Marika Tiggemann. Pages 251-259
Abstract
The study aimed to assess dietary restraint and self-esteem as predictors of weight change over a time period of 8 years. Questionnaires assessing self-reported weight, body dissatisfaction, dietary restraint, and self-esteem were completed by 77 young adults (19 men and 58 women) on two occasions separated by 8 years. On average, participants gained approximately 6 kg over the 8 years. Although neither dietary restraint nor self-esteem predicted weight change on its own, their interaction did. Furthermore, the relationship between restraint and weight change was best described as curvilinear. It was concluded that dietary restraint is predictive of subsequent weight gain, but in a more complex way than previously assumed.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Weight and height
2.3.2. Body dissatisfaction
2.3.3. Dietary restraint
2.3.4. Self-esteem
3. Results
3.1. Change over time
3.2. Restraint and self-esteem as predictors of weight change
3.3. Differences between weight-change groups
4. Discussion
References
The role of sensitivity to external food cues in attentional allocation to food words on dot probe and Stroop tasks. Linda Johansson, Ata Ghaderi, Gerhard Andersson. Pages 261-271
Abstract
The role of sensitivity of external food cues in producing attentional bias toward food-, body-weight-, and shape-related words on the Stroop and the dot probe tasks was examined. Contrary to expectations, individuals high in responsiveness to external food cues directed attention away from food words, whereas individuals low in responsiveness to external food cues directed their attention toward food words on the dot probe task. No significant differences were found between the groups high and low in sensitivity to external food cues for body words on the dot probe task or for food or body words on the Stroop task. Results are discussed with reference to theoretical views of differences between the Stroop and the dot probe tasks.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Materials and measures
2.2.1. Measures of cognitive bias
2.3. Self-report questionnaires
2.4. Procedure
3. Results
3.1. Self-report measures
3.2. Attentional bias indices
4. Discussion
Acknowledgements
Appendix A. Appendix
References
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