Magnetic Properties of Antiferromagnetic Oxide Materials
: Surfaces, Interfaces, and Thin Films
This book was written and devoted to antiferromagnetic oxides, in surfaces forms and thin films, and in the form of interfaces and multilayers with other magnetic or nonmagnetic materials. Films and multilayers are important examples of low-dimensionality systems . This field is a great experiment effort in the production of artificial structures. You will find this book that gives the first comprehensive of every topic bringing all together experimental and theoretical methods. The author focused on the study of the magnetic behavior of spatially confined antiferromagnetic transition-metal-oxide systems when their dimensions are scaled down to nanometric level, with particular emphasis on the growth and the magnetic characterization through different experimental methods and theoretical modeling approaches.

Chapter 1 outlines the magnetic properties of low-dimensional antiferromagnetic transition -metal-oxide systems and contains an overview of the significant physical phenomena that intervene in determining their origin.
Chapter 2 extensively discusses the techniques employed to fabricate multilayer and thin film structures. This
chapter highlights the close relationship existing between the structure and magnetism in low-dimensional antiferromagnetic oxides.
Chapter 3 discusses one of the most widespread experimental techniques giving access to the properties of
antiferromagnetic materials, namely, X-ray absorption and dichroism. This chapter represents a general introduction to X-ray absorption and how it is measured. It discusses the selection rules that give rise to the polarization dependence of X-ray absorption and how information about the magnetic properties of matter can be obtained from them. Chapter 4 deals with the low-dimensional antiferromagnetic transition-metal oxides as such, describing samples consisting of thin epitaxial layers on nonmagnetic substrates, which are therefore not influenced by magnetic underlayers.
Chapter 5 is devoted to the phenomenon of exchange bias. The central topic of this chapter is the so-called ‘‘domain state model’’ in which exchange bias emerges as a consequence of a net magnetization in the volume and also at the interface of the antiferromagnet stabilized by nonmagnetic defects.
Chapter 6 provides a theoretical discussion of the phenomena (exchange coupling, exchange bias, spin reorientation, magnetic domain structure, etc.) occurring at the interface between a ferromagnetic and an antiferromagnetic material.
Chapter 7 focuses on the experimental investigation of Fe3O4-based ferrimagnet–antiferromagnet multilayers comprising NiO or CoO as model systems for addressing interface morphology and chemical structure, anisotropy, interlayer exchange coupling, and how these mechanisms affect the overall magnetic properties of the multilayers.
Chapter 8 presents an extensive X-ray microscopy study of the micromagnetic structure in exchange-coupled interfaces constituted by a ferromagnetic metal and an antiferromagnetic oxide.

See Contents Below:
1 Low-Dimensional Antiferromagnetic Oxides : An Overview 1
Marco Finazzi, Lamberto Du` o, and Franco Ciccacci
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Finite-Size Effects on the Magnetic Ordering Temperature 2
1.3 AFM Anisotropy 6
1.3.1 Magnetocrystal Anisotropy 7
1.3.2 Dipolar Anisotropy 7
1.4 Interlayer Coupling in AFM–FM Bilayers and Multilayers 9
1.4.1 AFM–FM Interface Coupling 9
1.4.2 Coupling between FM Layers Separated by an AFM Oxide Spacer 12
1.5 Micromagnetic Structure at AFM–FM Interfaces 14
1.6 Applications 17
1.7 Conclusions 18
References 18
2 Growth of Antiferromagnetic Oxide Thin Films 25
Sergio Valeri, Salvatore Altieri, and Paola Luches
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Nickel Oxide 29
2.2.1 Ultrathin NiO Layers 29
2.2.2 Thick NiO Films 35
2.3 Cobalt Oxide 40
2.3.1 Ultrathin CoO Layers 40
2.3.2 Thick CoO Films 43
2.4 Other Oxides 47
2.4.1 MnO(001) 47
2.4.2 FeO 48
2.4.3 α-Fe2O3 50
2.5 Oxide–Substrate Interface 53
2.6 Polar-Oxide Surfaces 56
2.7 Conclusions and Perspectives 58
Acknowledgments 60
References 61
3 Dichroism in X-ray Absorption for the Study of Antiferromagnetic
Materials 69
Jan Vogel and Maurizio Sacchi
3.1 X-ray Absorption and X-ray Dichroism 70
3.1.1 X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism in the One-Electron
Approximation 71
3.1.1.1 Spin-Orbit Coupling in the d-Band 73
3.1.1.2 Core-Hole and Other Many-Body Effects 73
3.1.2 XMCD in the Strongly Correlated Limit: Multiplet Effects 75
3.1.2.1 Ligand Field Atomic Multiplet Calculations 76
3.1.2.2 Charge-Transfer Effects 77
3.2 Sum Rules for X-ray Dichroism 78
3.2.1 Orbital Moment 78
3.2.2 Spin Moment 79
3.2.3 Sum Rule for Linear Dichroism 80
3.3 Experimental Determination of X-ray Absorption 81
3.4 Linear X-ray Dichroism in Rare-Earth Compounds 83
3.4.1 FexTb1−x Amorphous Thin Films 84
3.5 Magnetic Dichroism in TM Oxides 86
3.5.1 Magnetic Linear Dichroism in Thin NiO Films on MgO 86
3.5.1.1 Calculations 87
3.5.1.2 Sample Preparation 89
3.5.1.3 Experiment 89
3.5.1.4 Results 89
3.6 Conclusions 93
References 94
4 Antiferromagnetic Oxide Films on Nonmagnetic Substrates 99
Tjipke Hibma and Maurits W. Haverkort
4.1 Introduction 99
4.2 Electronic Structure of TM Oxides 100
4.2.1 Mott-Hubbard and Charge Transfer Insulators 100
4.2.2 Ligand Field Theory 101
4.2.2.1 Independent Electron Ligand Field Theory 101
4.2.2.2 Multiplet Ligand Field Theory 103
4.2.3 Spin–Orbit Coupling in Cubic Symmetry 103
4.2.3.1 Single Electron in an Open t2g Shell 104
4.2.3.2 d6 and d7 Configurations 105
4.3 Magnetic Structure 106
4.3.1 Magnetic Ordering of MnO, FeO, CoO and NiO 106
4.3.1.1 MnO and NiO 107
4.3.1.2 FeO and CoO 107
4.4 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy 108
4.4.1 Magnetic Linear Dichroism 110
4.5 Strain 115
4.6 Linear Dichroism Results for AF TM Monoxide Layers 120
4.6.1 XMLD of Epitaxial NiO(100)/MgO layers 120
4.6.2 Ligand-Field-Induced Linear Dichroism in Strained NiO/Ag(100)
Layers 122
4.6.3 Isotropic XAS of CoO 125
4.6.4 Linear Dichroism of Strained CoO Layers 127
4.6.5 Spin Alignment in Strained CoO 131
4.6.6 Electronic Stucture of Strained CoO 132
4.6.7 Strain-Induced Linear Dichroism in MnO Layers 133
4.7 Conclusions 137
Appendix: Polarization and Spin Direction Dependence of the Linear
Dichroism in Nonspherical Symmetry 137
References 140
5 Exchange Bias by Antiferromagnetic Oxides 143
Marian Fecioru-Morariu, Ulrich Nowak, and Gernot G¨untherodt
5.1 Introduction 143
5.2 Theoretical Background 145
5.2.1 Diluted Antiferromagnets in a Magnetic Field 145
5.2.2 Domain-State Model for Exchange Bias 148
5.2.3 Mean-Field Solution of the Domain-State Model 149
5.3 Experiments 156
5.3.1 Antiferromagnetic Oxides: CoO, Co1−y, Co1−xMgxO 156
5.3.2 Exchange Bias between the Ferromagnet Co and the Diluted
Antiferromagnet CoO 161
5.3.2.1 Nonmagnetic Dilution of the Antiferromagnet 162
5.3.2.2 Hysteresis Curves and Uncompensated Magnetic Moments
(Vertical Shift) 164
5.3.2.3 Substitutional versus Structural Defects 165
5.3.2.4 Temperature Dependence 167
5.3.2.5 Thermoremanent Magnetization and Training
Effect 170
5.3.2.6 Cooling-Field Dependence 173
5.3.2.7 Antiferromagnetic Thickness Dependence 174
5.3.2.8 Blocking Temperature Distribution 175
5.4 Model Calculations 178
5.4.1 Modeling of Experimental Data 178
5.4.2 Anisotropy Dependence 181
5.4.3 Structural Dependence 183
5.5 Conclusions 186
References 187
6 Theory of Ferromagnetic–Antiferromagnetic Interface Coupling 191
Alexander I. Morosov and Alexander S. Sigov
6.1 Introduction 191
6.2 Frustrations on the Ferromagnet–Antiferromagnet Interface 192
6.2.1 Uncompensated Surface of the Antiferromagnet 192
6.2.2 Compensated Surface of the Antiferromagnet 194
6.3 Mathematical Model 195
6.4 The Interface between Thick Ferromagnet–Antiferromagnet
Layers 196
6.4.1 Uncompensated Surface of the Antiferromagnet 197
6.4.1.1 R ( f , af ) 197
6.4.1.2 R ( f , af ) 200
6.4.2 Compensated Surface of the Antiferromagnet 201
6.5 A Thin Ferromagnetic (Antiferromagnetic) Layer on a Thick
Antiferromagnetic (Ferromagnetic) Substrate 206
6.5.1 Uncompensated Surface of the Antiferromagnet 206
6.5.1.1 The Case of γaf 1 206
6.5.1.2 A Thin Layer with a Much Higher Exchange Rigidity 213
6.5.2 Compensated Surface of an Antiferromagnetic Substrate 218
6.6 Spin-Valve Ferromagnet–Antiferromagnet–Ferromagnet
System 219
6.6.1 Domain Walls in a Three-Layer System 220
6.6.1.1 γf ,af a/γaf 1 221
6.6.1.2 γf ,af a/γaf 1 222
6.6.2 Phase Diagram 226
6.6.3 Matching Experimental Data? 233
6.7 Conclusion 236
References 236
7 Antiferromagnetic–Ferromagnetic Oxide Multilayers: Fe3O4-Based
Systems as a Model 239
P. J. van der Zaag and Julie A. Borchers
7.1 Introduction 239
7.2 Interface and Structural Effects 240
7.2.1 Chemical and Structural Quality Effects 242
7.2.2 Interface Effects on Magnetic Properties 244
7.2.2.1 Reduced Magnetization and ‘‘Dead’’ Layers at the Interface 244
7.2.2.2 Anisotropy and Interface Anisotropy of Thin Fe3O4 Layers 246
7.2.2.3 The Interface Structure: Antiphase Boundaries 250
7.3 Magnetic Coupling Studies 258
7.3.1 Antiferromagnetic Multilayers 258
7.3.1.1 AF–NM Multilayers: Finite-Size Scaling 258
7.3.1.2 AF–AF Multilayers: Exchange Coupling 261
7.3.2 Antiferromagnetic–Ferromagnetic Coupling 263
7.3.2.1 Exchange Anisotropy 263
7.3.2.2 Dependence on Antiferromagnetic Thickness 266
7.3.2.3 Perpendicular Coupling 269
7.3.2.4 Reduction of the Blocking Temperature 274
7.3.3 Coupling across Intermediary Layers 277
7.3.3.1 Coupling across a Nonmagnetic Layer 277
7.3.3.2 Coupling across an Antiferromagnetic Layer 281
7.3.4 Perpendicular Anisotropy 283
7.4 Properties of Coupled Systems 285
7.4.1 Magnetoresistance Effects 285
7.4.1.1 Tunnel Junctions using Fe3O4–MgO 286
7.4.1.2 Tunnel Junctions using Fe3O4–AlOx 287
7.4.1.3 Tunnel Junctions using Fe3O4–oxide–LSMO 287
7.4.1.4 Tunnel Junctions using a CoFe2O4 Spin Filter 288
7.4.2 Magnetooptical Effects 289
7.5 Conclusions and Outlook 290
Acknowledgments 291
References 291
8 Micromagnetic Structure – Imaging Antiferromagnetic Domains using
Soft X-Ray Microscopy 301
Hendrik Ohldag
8.1 Introduction 301
8.1.1 Origin of Antiferromagnetic Domains 302
8.1.2 Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy 306
8.1.3 Photoemission Electron Microscope 308
8.1.4 Soft X-Ray Dichroism 310
8.2 Antiferromagnetic Domain Imaging using PEEM 313
8.2.1 Imaging Antiferromagnetic Domains and Domain
Walls 313
8.2.2 Magnetism and Crystallography 317
8.3 Antiferromagnetic Domains in Exchange-Coupled
Systems 318
8.3.1 Antiferromagnetic–Ferrmagnetic-Exchange Coupling 319
8.3.2 Magnetic Domains at Interfaces of Antiferromagnets with
Ferromagnets 322
8.3.3 Origin of Spin Reorientation 327
8.4 Temperature Dependence of the Antiferromagnetic Domain
Structure 329
8.5 Antiferromagnetic Domains and Exchange Bias 333
8.5.1 A Quick Look at a Fluoride 333
8.5.2 Magnetic Reversal Mechanism on the Microscopic
Scale 335
8.6 Summary and Outlook 337
References 338
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Cambridge English for Engineering
The aim of this book according to the author is to improve the professional communication skills of an engineer whether technician or technical manager. Cambridge English for Engineering covers the high quality language that is great use in the field of engineering that is focusing on skills such as working with drawings, describing technical problems and discussing dimensions and precision. The book contains 10 units including audio so that you can hear people in different situations often encountered at work like safety meeting,  projects briefing and problem-solving discussion activities. The 10 units contains the realistic listening activities so that you can learn the language used in technical discussion, situation-based speaking activities so that you can practice the language you've learned, relevant vocabulary presented and practiced in professional contexts, ans engaging topics and articles to make the learning interesting and motivating. To use the Cambridge English for Engineering for self study, is to select what you want and work through it and exercise then check your answers in the answer key. Be sure to note every mistakes you have and correct it. All you have to do is to listen again and again until you master the exercises. The author of this book is Mark Ibbotson BSC degree in Construction Management and a BTEC National Diploma in Civil Engineering. He spent the initial years of his career in the site engineering and technical management positions on constructions projects in the UK. He has designed and taught technical English courses in a wide range of companies for process, mechanical, electrical, civil and highway engineers, as well as technicians and technical managers. If you like this book, feel free to post your request in the comments.

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Standard Handbook of Electronics Engineering 5th EditionStandard handbook of Electronics Engineerings part 1 deals with the principles and techniques of electronics engineering. The book  covers the following:
1. Information, Communication, Noise, and Interference
2. Systems Engineering and Systems Management
3. Reliability
4. Computer-Assisted Digital System Design

Section 1, deals about COMMUNICATION that has been the heart of information age even digital communication systems. This covers information sources, codes and coding, communication channels, error correction, continuous and band-limited channels, digital data transmission and pulse modulation, and noise and
interference.

In This Section:
CHAPTER 1.1 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1.7
CONCEPTS 1.7
SELF-INFORMATION AND ENTROPY 1.7
ENTROPY OF DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES 1.8
MUTUAL INFORMATION AND JOINT ENTROPY 1.9
CHAPTER 1.2 INFORMATION SOURCES, CODES, AND CHANNELS 1.12
MESSAGE SOURCES 1.12
MARKOV INFORMATION SOURCE 1.13
NOISELESS CODING 1.14
NOISELESS-CODING THEOREM 1.15
CONSTRUCTION OF NOISELESS CODES 1.16
CHANNEL CAPACITY 1.17
DECISION SCHEMES 1.19
THE NOISY-CODING THEOREM 1.20
ERROR-CORRECTING CODES 1.21
PARITY-CHECK CODES 1.23
OTHER ERROR-DETECTING AND ERROR-CORRECTING CODES 1.25
CONTINUOUS-AMPLITUDE CHANNELS 1.25
MAXIMIZATION OF ENTROPY OF CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTIONS 1.26
GAUSSIAN SIGNALS AND CHANNELS 1.27
BAND-LIMITED TRANSMISSION AND THE SAMPLING THEOREM

CHAPTER 1.3 MODULATION 1.32
MODULATION THEORY 1.32
ELEMENTS OF SIGNAL THEORY 1.33
DURATION AND BANDWIDTH–UNCERTAINTY RELATIONSHIPS 1.36
CONTINUOUS MODULATION 1.37
LINEAR, OR AMPLITUDE, MODULATION 1.38
DOUBLE-SIDEBAND AMPLITUDE MODULATION (DSBAM) 1.39
DOUBLE-SIDEBAND AMPLITUDE MODULATION, SUPPRESSED CARRIER 1.40
VESTIGIAL-SIDEBAND AMPLITUDE MODULATION (VSBAM) 1.41
SINGLE-SIDEBAND AMPLITUDE MODULATION (SSBAM) 1.41
BANDWIDTH AND POWER RELATIONSHIPS FOR AM 1.41
ANGLE (FREQUENCY AND PHASE) MODULATION 1.42
CHAPTER 1.4 DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSION AND PULSE MODULATION 1.44
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION 1.44
PULSE-AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM) 1.44
QUANTIZING AND QUANTIZING ERROR 1.45
SIGNAL ENCODING 1.46
BASEBAND DIGITAL-DATA TRANSMISSIONS 1.48
PULSE-CODE MODULATION (PCM) 1.50
SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEMS 1.51
CHAPTER 1.5 NOISE AND INTERFERENCE 1.52
GENERAL 1.52
RANDOM PROCESSES 1.52
CLASSIFICATION OF RANDOM PROCESSES 1.54
ARTIFICIAL NOISE

Section 2, SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT, origins of systems engineering concepts are indeterminate. The two chapters in this section are designed to define the various facets of systems engineering and systems management and to identify some of the techniques and procedures employed in its practice.

In This Section:
CHAPTER 2.1 INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 2.3
FACETS AND DEFINITIONS 2.3
PURPOSES AND APPLICATIONS 2.3
HUMAN AND SOCIETAL FACTORS 2.4
BARRIERS TO ADOPTION 2.5
THE SYSTEMS VIEWPOINT 2.6
SYSTEMS THINKING 2.6
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT 2.7
BIBLIOGRAPHY 2.8
ON THE CD-ROM 2.9
CHAPTER 2.2 ELEMENTS AND TECHNIQUES OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 2.10
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AS A MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY 2.10
LIFE CYCLES 2.12
DEVELOPING TRUSTWORTHY SYSTEMS 2.12
ACCURATE DEFINITION OF A SYSTEM 2.15
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 2.15
SYSTEMS ARCHITECTING, DESIGN, AND INTEGRATION 2.18
SYSTEMS CONFIGURATION 2.21
APPROACH TO SYSTEMS MATURITY 2.21
COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTING 2.22
SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS 2.22
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Section 3, RELIABILITY of a component or a system can be considered a design parameter.  The first chapter in this section expands on the definitional issues of reliability, including parts and systems
modeling, reliability theory and practice, and failure analysis and prediction techniques. The design and modeling of electronic systems is covered in greater detail in Chap. 3.5. Finally, in another
completely new chapter (3.6), the special concerns of designing software and assuring its reliability are treated.
Because military specifications and standards underlie the reliable design and operation of many electronic
systems, a summary description of important military reliability documents is included on the CD-ROM.

In This Section:
CHAPTER 3.1 RELIABILITY DESIGN AND ENGINEERING 3.3
RELIABILITY CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS 3.3
RELIABILITY THEORY AND PRACTICE 3.6
RELIABILITY EVALUATION 3.13
RELIABILITY DESIGN DATA 3.18
BIBLIOGRAPHY 3.19
CHAPTER 3.2 DERATING FACTORS AND APPLICATION GUIDELINES 3.20
INTRODUCTION 3.20
RESISTOR DERATING AND APPLICATION GUIDELINES 3.20
CAPACITOR DERATING FACTORS AND APPLICATION GUIDELINES 3.24
SEMICONDUCTOR DERATING FACTORS AND APPLICATION GUIDELINES 3.27
TRANSFORMER, COIL, AND CHOKE DERATING 3.36
SWITCHES AND RELAYS 3.37
CIRCUIT BREAKERS, FUSES, AND LAMPS 3.39
BIBLIOGRAPHY 3.40

Section 4, Computer-Assisted Digital System Design, continues to become a more powerful tool in digital and analog circuit design,
especially using programmable integrated circuits. The different types and manufacturers of such devices fall
into two main classes––field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and field programmable analog arrays
(FPAAs).

In This Section:
CHAPTER 4.1 DESIGN OF DIGITAL SYSTEMS USING CAD TOOLS 4.3
OVERVIEW 4.3
ALTERNATIVE PROGRAMMING PHILOSOPHY (BASIC) 4.4
ALTERNATIVE PROGRAMMING PHILOSOPHY (ADVANCED) 4.6
EXAMPLE DESIGN 4.12
CONCLUSION 4.19
INFORMATION RESOURCES 4.19
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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