JET AIRPLANES MADE their first appearance during World War II (1939–1945), almost 40 years after American inventors Orville and Wilbur Wright built and flew the first airplane. Although jet engines are powerful and efficient, early airplanes had to settle for slow, cumbersome propellers, driven by piston engines quite similar to automobile motors. The reason that jets failed to appear first is interesting and was not due to a lack of knowledge. Engineers knew about jets all along and even had a few examples in nature to study, such as squid, which propel themselves in the sea by using water jets. The reason it took so long to build jets was that people lacked the proper materials.
Ever since Democritus of ancient Greece proposed that all matter is made up of tiny particles, people have wondered how bits of matter interact and combine. An understanding of how matter behaves gives people a satisfying explanation for many of the materials of the world, as well as the ability to construct new ones. Jet engines, for instance, burn fuel continuously and become extremely hot during operation. This heat would melt most materials, so for a long time there was no way to build a functional jet engine. Then scientists discovered mixtures of metals that can withstand exceptionally high temperatures. These materials made jet engines possible.