Theoretical research into the properties of black holes, and into the possible corollaries of the hypothesis that they exist, has been carried out with special vigor since the beginning of the 1970's. In addition to those specific features of black holes that are important for the interpretation of their possible astrophysical manifestations, the theory has revealed a number of unexpected characteristics of physical interactions involving black holes. By the middle of the 1980's a fairly detailed understanding had been achieved of the properties of the black holes, their possible astrophysical manifestations, and the specifics of the various physical processes involved. Even though a completely reliable detection of a black hole had not yet been made at that time, several objects among those scrutinized by astrophysicists were considered as strong candidates to be confirmed as being black holes. Furthermore, profound links were found between black hole theory and such seemingly very distant fields as thermodynamics, information theory, and quantum theory. The branch of physics that is now referred to as black hole physics was born and actually took shape as a full-blooded scientific discipline during the past two decades at the junction of the theory of gravitation, astrophysics, and classical and quantum field theories.
