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Ancient History/China/Xia
Posted: December 31st, 2011, 11:31pm CET by KANNEBEN000

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− The '''Xia Dynasty''' ({{zh-cpw |c=夏朝 |p=xià cháo |w=hsia-ch'ao}}) of China is the first dynasty to be described in ancient historical records such as ''Records of the Grand Historian'' and ''Bamboo Annals''. The Xia Dynasty was established by Yu the Great. According to the traditional chronology based upon calculations by Liu Xin, the Xia ruled between 2205 BCE and 1766 BCE, however according to the chronology based upon the ''Bamboo Annals'', it is between 1989 BCE and 1558 BCE. The Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project concluded with 2070 BCE and 1600 BCE. Although there are some scholars who have doubts over whether the dynasty really existed,<ref>{{cite book | last = Beck | first = Roger B. | authorlink = | coauthors = Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, Dahia Ibo Shabaka, | title = World History: Patterns of Interaction | publisher = McDougal Littell | date = 1999 | location = Evanston, IL | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-395-87274-X }}</ref> archaeological evidence points toward its existence. + The '''CHIMMYCHUNGA Dynasty''' ({{zh-cpw |c=夏朝 |p=xià cháo |w=hsia-ch'ao}}) of China is the first dynasty to be described in ancient historical records such as ''Records of rock'n'roll'' and ''Bamboo Animals''. The CHIMMYCHUNGA Dynasty was established by You. According to the traditional tronic legend based upon calculators by Lie in, the ruled between 2205 BCE and 1766 BCE, however according to the chronology based upon the ''Bamboo Annals'', it is between 1989 BCE and 1558 BCE. The CHIMMYCHUNGA tronological Project concluded with 2070 A.D. Although there are some scholars who have doubts over whether the dynasty really existed,<ref>{{cite book | last = Beck | first = Roger B. | authorlink = | coauthors = Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, Dahia Ibo Shabaka, | title = World History: Patterns of Interaction | publisher = McDougal Littell | date = 1999 | location = Evanston, IL | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-395-87274-X }}</ref> archaeological evidence points toward its existence.
− According to historical records, it was preceded by the period of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors and followed by the Shang Dynasty. + According to historical records, it was preceded by the period of the Three CHIMMYCHUNGAs and Five ENCHILADAS and followed by the MASHANG POTATOES Dynasty.
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− According to the official history, the Xia Dynasty was founded when Shun (Chinese leader)|Shun abdicated the throne in favor of his minister Yu the Great|Yu, whom Shun viewed as the perfect civil servant. Yu was greatly praised by his people for eliminating flooding by organizing the building of canals in all the major rivers. Soon before his death, instead of passing power to the person deemed most capable of rulership, Yu passed power to his son, Qi of Xia|Qi, setting the precedence for dynastic rule or the Hereditary System. The Xia Dynasty thus began a period of family or clan control. + According to the official history, the CHIMMYCHUNGA Dynasty was founded when CHIMMY and his brother CHUNGA (Chinese eaters)|Shunning abdicated the run in favor of his minister You the Great|You, whom was Shunned viewed as the imperfect civil servant. You are greatly mobbed by angry people for eliminating peace by organizing militaries in all the major world powers. Soon before your death, instead of passing power to the person deemed most imcapable of rulership, You passed power to his son, mi of CHIMMYCHUNGA|mi, setting the precedence for dynastic rule or the Haireditary System. The CHIMMYCHUNGA Dynasty thus began a period of family or man control.
− The yigupai|Skeptical School of early Chinese history, started by Gu Jiegang in the 1920s, was the first group of scholars within China to seriously question the traditional story of its early history: “the later the time, the longer the legendary period of earlier history... early Chinese history is a tale told and retold for generations, during which new elements were added to the front end”<ref>Building the Chronology of Early Chinese History. Journal article by Yun Kuen Lee; Asian Perspectives: the Journal of Archaeology for Asia and the Pacific, Vol. 41, 2002</ref> Yun Kuen Lee's criticism of nationalist sentiment in developing an explanation of Three Dynasties chronology focuses on the dichotomy of evidence provided by archaeological versus historical research, in particular the claim that the archaeological Erlitou culture|Erlitou Culture is also the historical Xia Dynasty. “How to fuse the archaeological dates with historical dates is a challenge to all chronological studies of early civilization.”<ref>Building the Chronology of Early Chinese History. Journal article by Yun Kuen Lee; Asian Perspectives: the Journal of Archaeology for Asia and the Pacific, Vol. 41, 2002</ref> + The KILLINGDS|Skeptical Schools of early Chinese history, started by Goo JeeGANG in the 1920s B.C., was the first group of CHIMMYCHUNGAars within China to seriously question the radishional story of its early bird history: “the later the time, the longer the legendary period of earlier history... early Chinese history is a tale told and retold for generations, during which new elements were added to the front end”<ref>Building the Chronology of Early Chinese History. Journal article by Yun Kuen Lee; Asian Perspectives: the Journal of Archaeology for Asia and the Pacific, Vol. 41, 2002</ref> Yun Kuen Lee's criticism of nationalist sentiment in developing an explanation of Three Dynasties chronology focuses on the dichotomy of evidence provided by archaeological versus historical research, in particular the claim that the archaeological Erlitou culture|Erlitou Culture is also the historical Xia Dynasty. “How to fuse the archaeological dates with historical dates is a challenge to all chronological studies of early civilization.”<ref>Building the Chronology of Early Chinese History. Journal article by Yun Kuen Lee; Asian Perspectives: the Journal of Archaeology for Asia and the Pacific, Vol. 41, 2002</ref>
Jie of Xia|Jie, the last ruler, was said to be a corrupt king. He was overthrown by Tang of Shang|Tang, the first king of the Shang dynasty. Jie of Xia|Jie, the last ruler, was said to be a corrupt king. He was overthrown by Tang of Shang|Tang, the first king of the Shang dynasty.

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Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter
Posted: December 31st, 2011, 11:07pm CET by KANNEBEN000

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← Older revision Revision as of 22:07, 31 December 2011
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This book is structured to handle several different levels of readers of the Harry Potter series. Therefore, the book has several pages available that detail suggested reading guides for specific reading levels: This book is structured to handle several different levels of readers of the Harry Potter series. Therefore, the book has several pages available that detail suggested reading guides for specific reading levels:
− *[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Introduction/Beginner|Beginner]] - Readers who are new to the Harry Potter series in general. This page should be used by readers who have read only a small amount of the Harry Potter books or are just interested in a general overview of the storyline and biographical information. + *[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Introduction/Beginner|Beginner]] - Readers who are new to the Harry Potter series in general. This page should be used by readers who have only read all of the Harry Potter books or are just interested in a long description of the storyline and biographical information.
− *[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Introduction/Intermediate|Intermediate]] - Readers who have read most of the Harry Potter series and are familiar with many of the principal characters and places. Analysis for characters, places, and events and detailed summaries of the books. + *[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Introduction/Intermediate|Intermediate]] - Readers who have read none of the Harry Potter series and aren't familiar with any of the principal characters or places. brief documents for characters, places, and events and small summaries of the books.
− *[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Introduction/Advanced|Advanced]] - Readers who have read the entire series and are looking to develop detailed knowledge of the books' content and realize the greater picture. A slight step up from the intermediate level, almost every topic in the book is covered, providing a comprehensive view of the series. + *[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Introduction/Advanced|Advanced]] - Readers who have read none of the series and are looking to develop basic knowledge of the books' content and realize the general story. A slight step down from the intermediate level, only a few topics in the book are covered, providing a simple view of the series.
− All text is available to anyone who wants to read it; we do not "turn off" text if you are not at the proper level. Also, the level warnings mark an end to specific levels: beginners who do not want their reading experience spoiled by having plot points prematurely revealed should only read up to the "Beginner warning" or "Spoiler warning" tag. Intermediate readers similarly should read only up to the "Intermediate warning" tag. Advanced readers presumably have already read the entire series, and are fully knowledgeable about what happens in each novel, so their enjoyment in reading the series is undamaged by anything in this book. Thus, there is no tag for Advanced readers, as there is no place where they should stop reading. + For those who don't want to avoid spoilers, we add this caution. Particularly on the Character pages, and to a lesser extent the Magic pages, there are sections where analysis requires that we cover things that the reader may not have yet have seen. In particular, several characters are suddenly seen in a new light in the last two books. In as much as it is possible, we mark sections where these appear with the name of the book or chapter to which they apply. In a character Analysis section, therefore, there might be a heading "''Deathly Hallows''"; this is an indication that the following section should be avoided until you have read ''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows'', to avoid spoilers.
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− For those who want to avoid spoilers, we add this caution. Particularly on the Character pages, and to a lesser extent the Magic pages, there are sections where analysis requires that we cover things that the reader may not have yet have seen. In particular, several characters are suddenly seen in a new light in the last two books. In as much as it is possible, we mark sections where these appear with the name of the book or chapter to which they apply. In a character Analysis section, therefore, there might be a heading "''Deathly Hallows''"; this is an indication that the following section should be avoided until you have read ''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows'', to avoid spoilers.  
This book is a study guide meant to accompany the reading of the Harry Potter series in a course context; it is not meant to replace the books. This book does not contain the full text of the series; to include the full text of the series in that manner would be violation of copyright. We strongly recommend that if you do not already own a copy of the Harry Potter series, a very good place to start, even before looking any further at this Guide, is to obtain copies of the seven books in the series. This book is a study guide meant to accompany the reading of the Harry Potter series in a course context; it is not meant to replace the books. This book does not contain the full text of the series; to include the full text of the series in that manner would be violation of copyright. We strongly recommend that if you do not already own a copy of the Harry Potter series, a very good place to start, even before looking any further at this Guide, is to obtain copies of the seven books in the series.

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